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Evidence consequences of Ramadan fasting offspring
At birth
Smaller placentas (Saudi Arabia) Fewer Boys (Indonesia, Michigan) Lower birth weight (Michigan)
In adulthood
Symptoms consistent with coronary artery disease and diabetes type 2 (Indonesia) Lighter, shorter as adults (Indonesia)
Adults 20 % more likely to be disabled if early pregnancy overlapped with Ramadan (Uganda/ Iraq)
Poorer school performance at age 7 (UK).
Alsawel et al, Placenta, 2010
Almond and Mazumder, AEJ 2011 van Ewijk, JHE, 2011
van Ewijk et al, AJE 2013
Almond et al, Economic Journal, 2014
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Conclusion
You are what your grandmother ate, especially in early pregnancy
Undernutrition and Obesity in pregnancy have effects on offspring health Preconception lifestyle intervention in obese patients is not able to reduce miscarriage Hyperemesis gravidarum and Ramadan are HIC examples of maternal undernutrition Bariatric surgery may have long term benefits for offspring health.
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