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1 ‐ Authorship
An “author” is generally considered to be an individual who has made a significant intellectual contribution to the study
• Substantial contribution to the study conception and design, data acquisition, analysis, and interpretation
• Drafting or revising the article for intellectual content
• Approval of the final version
The order of authorship, should be ‘a joint decision of the coauthors. Authors should be prepared to explain the order in which authors are listed’
ICMJE
1 ‐ Authorship – forms of misconduct
"Ghost" authors, who contribute substantially but are not acknowledged (often paid by commercial sponsors)
Unaccetable
"Guest" authors, who make no discernible contributions, but are listed
to help increase the chances of publication
"Gift" authors, whose contribution is based solely on a tenuous affiliation with a study
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