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Structure of sperm chromosomes
• Sperm chromatins are folded into hairpins: centromeres in the center and telomeres paired at the periphery
• Individual chromosomes are packed into non‐overlapping territories.
Centromere
Oxidized‐region density
Chr 1: 3.83
Chr 19: 16.64
Chr 19 is most susceptible to DNA damage in mice.
Zalensky & Zalenskaya (2007) Biochem Soc Trans 35, 609.
Kocer et al. (2015) Free Radical Biol Med 89, 993–1002 Aitken (2018) Mol Hum Reprod 24, 287–98
Human spermatozoa
Telomere
Overview
• Sperm chromatin structure
• Causes of sperm DNA damage
• Tests for DNA fragmentation
• Effects on IVF outcomes
• What can be done?
• Conclusions
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